University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Given the ongoing repercussions of the pandemic, we recommend continued and longitudinal studies on well-being, coping strategies, and PsyCap. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. A total of 806 university students from the United States participated in the study. -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. government site. The measure demonstrates acceptable reliability, cross-time stability, and evidence for convergent and divergent validity (Butler & Kern, 2016). Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). Implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students are presented. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 The aim of this study was to assess the levels of depression, coping skills, and quality of life and their correlates among a sample of Jordanian adults aged 18 years during the COVID-19 lockdown implemented in Jordan. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. The authors reported no conflict of interest An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. What is the predictive relationship of PsyCap on well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19 and after the onset of COVID-19? https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. Frequent breaks can help you re-engage in your work. A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Flourishing (or well-being) is defined as a dynamic optimal state of psychosocial functioning that arises from functioning well across multiple psychosocial domains (Butler & Kern, 2016, p. 2). Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. 2022 Dec 7;19(24):16423. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416423. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.609844, Luthans, F., Avey, J. Coping Strategies The experience of emotional wellbeing. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. Fig 1. WebThus, the objective of this study was aimed at accentuating the coping strategies of students for online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is robust empirical support suggesting that individuals with higher PsyCap have higher levels of performance (job and academic); satisfaction; engagement; attitudinal, behavioral, and relational outcomes; and physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. Your classes may now be virtual. However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). Structural equation modeling in Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS, v23) software was used to test the mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between PsyCap and change in PERMA scores. Universities across You might have lost funding or your job. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. International Business Research, 8(10), 102111. of this manuscript. (2008). Thus, from a pedagogical and psychological point of view, it is pertinent to examine the students' strategies of coping with stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyCap is a state-like construct that consists of four dimensions: hope (H), self-efficacy (E), resilience (R), and optimism (O), often referred to by the acronym HERO (F. Luthans et al., 2007). Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. WebDr. Twenge, J. M. (2017). Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. and transmitted securely. Another thing you cant control? Investigating the current state of emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and college nursing students in Anhui Province found that women showed more severe anxiety and fear than men and COVID-19 is a pressure source with great influence, both for individuals and for the social public groups. Methods: This article used narrative literature review to explore literature review from the following databases namely Web of Science, Google, COVID-19 has impacted every aspect of life around the world. Basic self-care will keep your immune system strong and your emotional reserves full. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. Top Tips To Decrease Coronavirus Anxiety & Improve Emotional Well Being, Strategies for Healthy Emotion Regulation During Uncertain Times, Owning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort, Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing, Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One Another, Gaming For Mental Health: Using Video And Board Games To Support Wellbeing, Building Resiliency To Isolation & Loneliness: How To Increase Our Resiliency During The COVID-19 Crisis, Peer, Friend And Self Support In The COVID-19 Crisis: How To Provide Support For Ourselves And Others Through Times Of Fear And Isolation, Navigating Relationships During The COVID-19 Pandemic, Back to Normal or Not: How to Help Your Family Through COVID-19 Transitions, Herramientas Para La Mejorar La Resiliencia Y Apoyar A La Comunidad Latinx: Seminario Virtual En Espaol Dirigido Por La Iniciativa Que Hacer Ahora. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321332. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. In this study, accepting the realities, using alternative affirmative explanations, seeking social support for meeting emotional needs, and engaging in active problem-focused coping behaviors seem to be the most helpful ways to counter the negative effects of the pandemic on well-being. The coping strategy of behavioral, Fig 6. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. Occupy your mind with puzzles. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. Simon & Schuster. Routledge Academic. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. (2009). This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. Penguin. Washington Post. If youre a psychology graduate student on a clinical track, youre probably helping patients manage the same anxieties youre facing yourself. ), Handbook of emotions (pp. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. This study examined the relationships between psychological capital (PsyCap), coping strategies, and well-being among 609 university students using self-report measures. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). By administering the PERMA-Profiler to university students, counselors could identify and understand what dimension of well-being should be further developed (Umucu et al., 2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062106, Deaton, A. Make sure to validate their emotions, letting them know their feelings and frustrations are understandable. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Youth can Demographic Questionnaire Breathing exercises - Psychologist Dr. Karen Treisman leads you through a variety of quick, effective exercises to soothe the nervous system: Houseparty App: a free social networking service that allows groups to play games together virtually. responded. Now is my chance to help others. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. International journal of mental health nursing. Your classmates have probably scattered. The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans: 2011 OEP Hicks lecture. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. Background: During COVID-19 As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. 2020 Sep 17;22(9):e22817. 2021. Copyright 2023 Mental Health America, Inc. preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak, College During COVID: Balancing Academics & Fun, One Love Foundation x Mental Health America, How The Human-Animal Bond Increases Resilience And Empowers Us To Thrive, Managing Video Anxiety During Teletherapy, COVID-19 And Loneliness: When It Seems Like No One Cares, Maintaining Hope In The Face Of Uncertainty, Preparing For The Holidays During COVID-19, Be Kind to Your Mind: Stress Coping Strategies During COVID-19 (Webinar Recording), Facebook Live: Support Animals and COVID-19 Anxiety, Processing Big Changes: Grief And Loss During COVID-19. Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among U.S. young adults. Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. Fig 1. While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. Mediator coping strategies. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially Consider recreating important events once its safe. Internalizing and Externalizing Disorder Levels among Adolescents: Data from Poland. Even something as simple as turning on your webcam during virtual classes can help you and others feel more connected. Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Fifty-four percent of the participants were undergraduate students (n = 326), and the remaining 46% were graduate students (n = 283). Nursing education has moved classes online. Objectives: To explore and describe the coping strategies used by student nurses during COVID-19. Ask your supervisor for help. Shift in Predictive Roles of PsyCap HERO Dimensions Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). On the other hand, self-blame and behavioral disengagement were two problematic coping strategies that mediated the relationship between optimism and all PERMA elements. Correspondence may be addressed to Priscilla Rose Prasath, 501 W. Cesar E. Chavez Boulevard, Durango Building, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, priscilla.prasath@utsa.edu. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1560229. Accessibility Careers. Be sure to address your own concerns separately so you can focus on patients during sessions. Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. Adaptive coping strategiessuch as active coping, acceptance, using emotional support, and positive reframingwere found to better aid in predicting well-being. Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. Bookshelf The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus, Witters, D., & Harter, J. With each PERMA element individually rendering to flourishing mental health, specific targeted positive psychology interventions might be offered as domain-specific interventions. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Reduction in Well-Being Related to COVID-19 Psychometric validation of the PERMA-profiler as a well-being measure for student veterans. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. (2009). Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Data Analysis Procedure Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). WebOwning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. Estimation of Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Large Regional Analysis. Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that PsyCap predicted well-being, and structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies between PsyCap and well-being. Now is my chance to help others. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). Psychol. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, A tool to help you build resilience during difficult times. (2014). American Psychological Association. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. https://www.chronicle.com/article/distanced-learning, Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. The effect size of the change in well-being for PERMA elements was 38%, p2 = .380, a high effect size (Cohen, 1988). Thus, efficient interventions that are not likely to trigger stigma responses are helpful in this context. Helpful strategies of coping View 3 excerpts, references results and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, International journal of environmental research and public health. The ongoing stress and trauma of the COVID-19 crisis can take a serious toll on our bodies: creating tense muscles, headaches, digestive issues, difficulty sleeping, and even immunity problems. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Crown. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. WebAlly parents are parents of trans* and nonbinary youth across the country who volunteer their time to support young people who may lack or not yet have parental support. Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Students use of self-blame (mean), Fig 9. The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. However, after COVID-19, self-efficacy did not present as a predictor of well-being in this study. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. * p < .05, ** p < .01. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9477-4, Ray, J. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). That is, what coping (2007) developed PsyCap from research in positive organizational behavior and positive psychology. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1546182, Wan, W. (2020). The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). Available from: Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, Brown D, Saewyc E, Heiligenstein E, et al.. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life.
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